Waste-to-Energy Pipeline through Consolidated Fermentation–Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) System

The rise in population, urbanization, and industrial developments have led to a substantial increase waste generation energy demand, posing significant challenges for management as well conservation production. Bioenergy conversions been merged advanced, sustainable, integrated solutions these issues, encompassing upcycling of different types organic waste. Municipal solid (MSW) agricultural residues (AR) are two main resources bioenergy conversions. production involves feedstock deconstruction the conversion platform chemicals products. This review provides detailed overview sources, biofuel, bioelectricity from fermentation microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, their economic environmental perspectives. Fermentation plays critical role liquid biofuel production, while MFCs demonstrate promising potential simultaneous electricity hydrogen. hold be into single pipeline, enabling matter, including variety material effluent, diverse forms via cultures under mild conditions. Furthermore, deemed technology pollutant remediation, reducing COD levels producing bioenergy. Importantly, consolidated fermentation–MFC system is projected produce approximately 7.17 trillion L bioethanol 6.12 × 104 MW/m2 MSW AR annually, contributing over USD 465 billion global market. Such an has initiate circular economy, foster reduction, improve practices. advancement could play crucial promoting sustainability across sectors.